A Nighttime "Light Pillar" Plus Weather Cam Poetry

A relatively unusual optical effect is the nighttime "light pillar"--  vertical lines in the sky at night produced by the reflection of a surface light source by ice crystals aloft.  

Consider the beautiful example of a light pillar last night, captured by weather cam maestro Greg Johnson of Skunk Bay Weather (see below).  The image was taken at 3:04 AM, looking north from Kitsap Peninsula towards southern Whidbey Island.  Unsettling.

Picture courtesy of Greg Johnson, Skunk Bay Weather

Perhaps you would enjoy a video of these ghostly features:

They are almost scary....but very beautiful at the same time.

Light pillars are associated with falling ice crystals and a view of the infrared satellite imagery at 3 AM confirms that clouds over western Washington were sufficiently high (see below) to produce such ice particles.  White clouds in the infrared indicate that the cloud tops are sufficiently cold.

As impressive as last night light pillars were, they can really get wild (see below)

Courtesy of Timmyjoeelzinga and a Creative Common license

Why Do Light Pillars Occur?

Light pillars are associated with large, hexagonal (six-sided) ice crystals that tend to be oriented in a horizontal configuration as they fall ( see graphic).

 Courtesy of V1adis1av

Such falling ice crystals act as small reflectors of light originating from the surface, providing the optical illusion of a vertical column of light.    

A close cousin of the nighttime light pillar is the sun pillar, often viewed near sunrise and sunset (see below)

Picture courtesy of Brocken Inaglory

A Major Treat

At the end of Northwest Weather Workshops, we often sit back and enjoy the extraordinary weather videos created by Greg Johnson of Skunk Bay Weather, who brings together weather cam imagery and music in ways that are both moving emotionally and highly educational.    Below is Greg's video for this year's workshop..... it is an extraordinary pleasure to watch.  And don't be surprised if your eyes don't moisten up a bit....

Evidence of COVID Herd Immunity, Why COVID is Increasing In WA and OR, And Why It May Soon Decline Here.

I think I found something important.  

But I will let you be the judge.  And I would love to hear from any epidemiologists that read my blog.

The number of COVID cases is increasing in Oregon and Washington, while most of the other states are seeing declining or stable COVID caseloads.  The increases are sufficiently worrying that Governor Inslee may reverse the opening of the State.

There is a lot of talk about the need to get herd immunity, in which enough of the population will be vaccinated or have had COVID so that the virus lacks sufficient susceptible people for spread.  But no one seems to be sure about what percentage of immune individuals is needed.  60%, 80% or 90%.   Some scientific papers and media accounts suggest we will never get to herd immunity.  But what is the truth?

I am not an epidemiologist, but it seems to me that there should be sufficient information to get some real answers to the above questions.   And so I sat down with a cup of coffee (actually several) and the data from the Centers for Disease Control and cranked through the numbers.  

And I found something interesting.  

For each state,  I estimated what percentage of the population is immune to COVID-19 and then I compared that to the change in the number of new cases over the past few weeks.

I found a significant relationship between the two.  And I may have discovered the magic herd immunity percentage.

Estimation of the Percent of the Population Immune to COVID-19

First, I started with the percentage of each state's population that has been reported to have had COVID-19, which ranges from roughly 4 (Oregon) to 14  (Rhode Island) percent. 

There is an extensive literature suggesting the actual numbers of infected people are far higher than the official case numbers, with several research papers suggesting that a factor of three is reasonable.    So I started by taking the CDC state case percentages and multiplying by 3.

Then I secured the vaccine data for each state, and based on the CDC numbers of single and double vaccinations, I assigned 60% of the total vaccinations as the number of people that have gotten at least a single shot.    I then added this number to the 3 times case percentages noted above, to get a final fraction of immune individuals for each state, with numbers running from .56 (Oregon) to .936 (Rhode Island).  This will undoubtedly be a bit of an overestimation because there will be some people that have had COVID that are vaccinated, but that would only shift my estimates of herd immunity by roughly 5-10% at most.  In any case, the approach is consistent for all states.

That Change in COVID Cases for April 15-April 28th

My hypothesis is that increasing percentages of antibodies for COVID should be related to declines in COVID case numbers.   Sot I next turned to the CDC COVID trends pages.  

Here is the one for Oregon.  Not good.  Cases have been rising quite a bit (blue are daily values) and red are 7-day running means).

Oregon

For Washington State, the situation is a little better, but still going the wrong way.  This is why Governor Inslee is threatening to clamp down (and I will suggest later that this would be a mistake).

Washington

On the other hand, Rhode Island and Massachusetts are seeing rapid declines.  Can we understand why?  I think we can.

Using the CDC trend plots and accompanying numbers, I found the changes in the number of cases for roughly the last two weeks (April 15 to April 28th), using the red lines (running 7-day means) shown for each figure.  Then I  compared the recent case number trends in each state against the fraction of state citizens that were immune.  The results are shown below.  And they are exciting and make a lot of sense.

The Y-axis indicates the change in the number of cases per 100K residents and the X-axis is the fraction of state citizens that are immune.  Each dot is a state.  

The two states with the largest INCREASE in COVID cases for that period are Oregon and Washington!  And we are the states with the smallest percentage of immune individuals.    

But once you get above .65  there are no significant increases in COVID.  But what REALLY is significant is that the big drops in the number of cases start abruptly around .7, at which 70% of individuals are immune.  Something very special is happening at .7 and it appears it represents the transition to herd immunity.  

Now you may ask why some states are above .7 but are not showing recent changes.   I believe there are several reasons for this.  Some of these states made the transition to herd immunity earlier than two weeks ago.  Once a state transitions, numbers fall and stabilize.  Another possibility is that a major reopening of a state can temporarily maintain current COVID levels.

But there is a clear message from the above.  Once you get to .7, the expansion of COVID is over and a collapse of the number of cases is possible.

Washington State is on the verge of reaching a sufficiently large percentage of immune individuals so that COVID cases will first stabilize and then decline.  At the large rate of vaccination being given in our state (about 60,000 per day according to the WA DOH website) plus the natural spread of the virus, we move from ~.63 today to .7 in roughly a week.    

There are other factors that may well contribute to a major decline in WA state Covid numbers during the next month or so.  We are now entering the warm/dry portion of the year, with people spending more time outside and opening their windows.  As noted in an earlier blog, outside air is very COVID safe.  Second, vaccinations are now available for younger people, exactly those who are contributing much of the transmission of COVID.

Does the above analysis make sense?  Why haven't others done similar number crunching? 

Let me know if you see any flaws in logic or approach.  But it all seems logical and the picture is coherent and self-consistent.